Plague Resource List

Key Resources
Images
Diagnosis and Management
Postexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment
Vaccines
Epidemiology
Public Health
Infection Control
Laboratory Issues
Pathology

Key Resources

CDC. Information on plague [Full text]

CDC. Plague 8-lesson training module [Web page]

Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, et al for the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2000;283(17):2281-90 [Full text]

Worsham PL, McGovern TW, Vietri NJ, et al. Plague. In: Dembek ZR, ed. Medical aspects of biological warfare. Chap 5. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 2007 [Full text]

Images

Chest x-ray of patient with primary pneumonic plague (Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, et al for the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. JAMA 2000;283(17):2284) [Web page]

Patients with naturally occurring plague (Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, et al for the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. JAMA 2000;283(17):2284) [Web page]

Plague images (CDC) [Web page]

Histopathology, microbiology, skin lesions, chest x-ray findings (Public Health Information Library) [Web site]

Diagnosis and Management

AAP. Plague. In: Pickering LK, ed. 2000 Red book: report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Ed 25. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000:450-2

Alfsofrom DJ, Mettler FA Jr, Mann JM. Radiographic manifestations of plague in New Mexico, 1975-1980. A review of 42 proved cases. Radiology 1981;139(3):561-5 [Abstract]

Butler T. A clinical study of bubonic plague. Observations of the 1970 Vietnam epidemic with emphasis on coagulation studies, skin histology, and electrocardiograms. Am J Med 1972;53(3):268-76

Butler T, Bell WR, Linh NN, et al. Yersinia pestis infection in Vietnam. I. Clinical and hematologic aspects. J Infect Dis 1974;129(suppl):S78-S84

Butler T, Levin J, Nguyen-Ngoc-Linh, et al. Yersinia pestis infection in Vietnam. II. Quantitative blood cultures and detection of endotoxin in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis. J Infect Dis 1976;133(5):493-9 [Abstract]

Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ralafiarisoa L, et al. Development and testing of a rapid diagnostic test for bubonic and pneumonic plague. Lancet 2003 Jan 18;361(9353):211-6 [Abstract]

Cleri DJ, Vernaleo JR, Lombardi LJ, et al. Plague pneumonia disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Semin Respir Infect 1997;12(1):12-23 [Abstract]

Dennis DT, Chow CC. Plague. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23(1):69-71 [PubMed listing with link to text]

Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997;278(5):399-411 [Abstract]

Hull HF, Montes JM, Mann JM. Septicemic plague in New Mexico. J Infect Dis 1987;155(1):113-8 [Abstract]

Mann JM. Plague pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1979;300(22):1276-7 [Full text]

Mann JM, Moskowitz. Plague and pregnancy. A case report. JAMA 1977;237(17):1854-5

Mann JM, Shandler L, Cushing AH. Pediatric plague. Pediatrics 1982;69(6):762-7

McGovern TW, Christopher GW, Eitzen EM. Cutaneous manifestations of biological warfare and related threat agents. Arch Dermatol 1999;135(3):311-22 [Abstract]

Palmer DL, Kisch AL, Williams RC Jr, et al. Clinical features of plague in the United States: the 1969-1970 epidemic. J Infect Dis 1971;124(4):367-71

Ratsitorahina M, Chanteau S, Rahalison, et al. Epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of the outbreak of pneumonic plague in Madagascar. Lancet 2000;355(9198):111-3 [Abstract]

Splettstoesser WD, Grunow R, Rahalison L, et al. Serodiagnosis of human plague by a combination of immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometry. Cytometry 2003 Jun;53A(2):88-96 [Abstract]

Postexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment

AAP. Plague. In: Pickering LK, ed. 2000 Red book: report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Ed 25. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000:450-2

Bonacorsi SP, Scavizzi MR, Guiyoule A, et al. Assessment of a fluoroquinolone, three beta-lactams, two aminoglycosides, and a cycline in the treatment of murine Yersinia pestis infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:481-6 [Abstract]

Boulanger LL, Ettestad P, Fogarty JD, et al. Gentamicin and tetracyclines for the treatment of human plague: review of 75 cases in New Mexico, 1985-1999. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Mar;38(5):663-9 [Full text]

Butler T. Plague. In: Strickland GT, ed. Tropical medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co: 1991:408-16

Byrne WR, Welkos SL, Pitt ML. Antibiotic treatment of experimental pneumonic plague in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;39:2153-4 [Abstract]

Dennis D, Meier F. Plague. In: Horsburgh CR, Nelson AM, eds. Pathology of emerging infections. Washington, DC: ASM Press, ;1997:21-47

Frean JA, Arntzen L, Capper T, et al. In vitro activities of 14 antibiotics against 100 human isolates of Yersinia pestis from a southern African plague focus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40(11):2646-7 [Full text]

Frean J, Klugman KP, Arntzen L, et al. Susceptibility of Yersinia pestis to novel and conventional antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003 Aug;52(2):294-6 [Abstract]

Russell P, Eley SM, Bell DL, et al. Doxycycline or ciprofloxacin prophylaxis and therapy against experimental Y pestis infection in mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;37:769-74 [Abstract]

Shah PM. Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis and therapy of Yersinia pestis infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;42(3):399

Vaccines

ACIP/CDC. Prevention of plague: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1996;45(RR14):1-15 [Full text]

Anderson GW Jr, Heath DG, Bolt CR, et al. Short- and long-term efficacy of single-dose subunit vaccines against Yersinia pestis in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Jun;58(6):793-9 [Abstract]

Grosfeld H, Cohen S, Bino T, et al. Effective protective immunity to Yersinia pestis infection conferred by DNA vaccine coding for derivatives of the F1 capsular antigen. Infect Immun 2003 Jan:71(1):374-83 [Full text]

Heath DG, Anderson GW, Mauro JM, et al. Protection against experimental bubonic and pneumonic plague by a recombinant capsular F1-V antigen fusion protein vaccine. Vaccine 1998;16(11-12):1131-7 [Abstract]

Titball RW, Williamson ED. Vaccination against bubonic and pneumonic plague. Vaccine 2001;19(30):4175-84 [Abstract]

Williamson ED. Plague vaccine research and development. J Appl Microbiol 2001;91(4):606-8

Williamson ED, Eley SM, Stagg AJ, et al. A single dose sub-unit vaccine protects against pneumonic plague. Vaccine 2000;19(4-5):566-71 [Abstract]

Epidemiology

Anderson ET. Plague in the continental United States, 1900-76. Public Health Rep 1978;93(3):297-301 [Full text]

Burkle FM. Plague as seen in South Vietnamese Children. Clin Pediatrics 1973;12(5):291-8 [Abstract]

Butler T. Plague. In: Strickland GT, ed. Tropical Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co: 1991:408-16

Campbell GL, Hughes JM. Plague in India: a new warning from an old nemesis. Ann Intern Med 1995;122(2):151-3 [Abstract]

Caten JL, Kartman L. Human plague in the United States, 1900-1966. JAMA 1968;205(6):333-6 [Abstract]

CDC. Fatal human plague--Arizona and Colorado. MMWR 1997;46(27):617-20 [Full text]

CDC. Human plague--United States, 1993-1994. MMWR 1994;43:242-6 [Full text]

CDC. Plague pneumonia--California. MMWR 1984;33(34):481-3 [Full text]

Christie AB, Chen TH, Elberg SS. Plague in camels and goats: their role in human epidemics. J Infect Dis 1980;141(6):724-6 [Abstract]

Crook LD, Tempest B. Plague: a clinical review of 27 cases. Arch Intern Med 1992;152(6):1253-6 [Abstract]

Eidson M, Tierney LA, Rollag OJ, et al. Feline plague in New Mexico: risk factors and transmission to humans. Am J Public Health 1988;78(10):1333-5 [Abstract]

Gabastou JM, Proano J, Vimos A, et al. An outbreak of plague including cases with probable pneumonic infection, Ecuador, 1998. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000;94(4):387-91 [Abstract]

Gage KL, Dennis DT, Orloski KA, et al. Cases of cat-associated human plague in the Western US, 1977-1998. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30(6):893-900 [Full text]

Gani R, Leach S. Epidemiologic determinants for modeling pneumonic plague outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Apr;10(4):608-14 [Full text]

Kaufmann AF, Boyce JM, Martone W. Trends in human plague in the United States. J Infect Dis 1980;141(4):522-4

Legters LJ, Cottingham AJ Jr, Hunter DH. Clinical and epidemiologic notes on a defined outbreak of plague in Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970;19(4):639-52 [Abstract]

Mann JM, Martone WJ, Boyce JM, et al. Endemic human plague in New Mexico: risk factors associated with infection. J Infect Dis 1979;140(3):397-401 [Abstract]

Meyer K. Pneumonic plague. Bacteriol Rev 1961;25:249-61

Reed WP, Palmer DL, Williams RC Jr, et al. Bubonic plague in the Southwestern United States. A review of recent experience. Medicine (Baltimore) 1970;49(6):465-86

Titball RW, Leary SE. Plague. Br Med Bull 1998;54(3):625-33 [Abstract]

Von Reyn CF, Barnes AM, Weber NS, et al. Bubonic plague from direct exposure to a naturally occurring infected wild coyote. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976;25(4):626-9 [Abstract]

Von Reyn CF, Weber NS, Tempest B, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical features of an outbreak of bubonic plague in New Mexico. J Infect Dis 1977;136(4):489-94 [Abstract]

Welty TK, Grabman J, Kompare E, et al. Nineteen cases of plague in Arizona: a spectrum including ecthyma gangrenosum due to plague and plague in pregnancy. West J Med 1985;142:641-6 [Abstract]

Public Health

CDC. Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response: recommendations of the CDC strategic planning workgroup. MMWR 2000:49(RR04):1-14 [Full text]

CDC. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR 1997;46(RR10);1-55 [Full text]

CDC. Information on plague [Full text]

CDC. Information on plague/diagnosis [Full text]

CDC. Medical examiners, coroners, and biologic terrorism: a guidebook for surveillance and case management. MMWR 2004 Jun 11;53(RR08):1-36 [Full text]

CDC. Summary of notifiable diseases, 1999 [Full text]

Inglesby TV, Grossman R, O'Toole T. A plague on your city: observations from TOPOFF. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Feb 1; 32(3):436-45 [Full text]

Osterholm MT, Schwartz J. Living terrors: what America needs to know to survive the coming bioterrorist catastrophe. New York: Delacorte Press, 2000

WHO. Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons. Geneva, Switzerland: 1970:98-109 [Full text]

WHO. Plague. In: WHO report on global surveillance of epidemic-prone infectious diseases, 2000 [Full text]

WHO. Plague manual 1997: epidemiology, distribution, surveillance, and control [Full text]

Infection Control

APIC/CDC. Bioterrorism readiness plan: a template for healthcare facilities. Apr 13, 1999 [Full text]

CDC/HICPAC. Recommendations for isolation precautions in hospitals. Am J Infect Control 1996;24:24-52

Rose LJ, Donlan R, Banerjee SN, et al. Survival of Yersinia pestis on environmental surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Apr;69(4):2166-71 [Abstract]

Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Risks and prevention of nosocomial transmission of rare zoonotic diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:446-56 [Full text]

Laboratory Issues

Aleksic S, Bockemuhl J. Yersinia and Other Enterobacteriaceae. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, and Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 7^th Edition. Washington D.C. American Society for Microbiology Press, 1999: 483-96

ASM. Sentinel laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases: packing and shipping infectious substances. Revised Jan 1, 2008 [Web page]

Ber R, Mamroud E, Aftalion M, et al. Development of an improved selective agar medium for isolation of Yersinia pestis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003 Oct;69(10):5787-92 [Abstract]

Burmeister RW, Tigertt WD, Overholt EL. Laboratory-acquired pneumonic plague. Ann Intern Med 1962;56:789-800

CDC. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories (BMBL). Ed 5, July 2010 [Full text]

CDC. Facts about the Laboratory Response Network [Web page]

CDC. Laboratory security and emergency response guidance for laboratories working with select agents. MMWR 2002 Dec 6;51(RR-19):1-6 [Full text]

CDC. National Select Agent Program [Web page]

CDC. Public Health Emergency Response and Preparedness/Biosafety [Table]

CDC. Public Health Emergency Response and Preparedness/Specimen selection [Table]

Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ratsitorahina M, et al. Early diagnosis of bubonic plague using F1 antigen capture ELISA assay and rapid immunogold dipstick. Int J Med Microbiol 2000;290(3):279-83 [Abstract]

Galimand M, Guiyoule A, Gerbaud G, et al. Multidrug resistance in Yersinia pestis mediated by a transferable plasmid. N Engl J Med 1997;337(10):677-80 [Full text]

Gilchrist MJR. The progress, priorities and concerns of public health laboratories. Presented at the Forum on Infections, Biological Threats and Terrorism, Institute of Medicine, Nov 28, 2001 [Full text]

Goldenberg MI. Laboratory diagnosis of plague infection. Health Lab Sci 1968;5(1):38-45

Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Greer PW, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of Yersinia pestis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 2002;117(2):205-9 [Abstract]

Guiyoule A, Rasoamanana B, Buchrieser C, et al. Recent emergence of new variants of Yersinia pestis in Madagascar. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35(11):2826-33 [Full text]

Hinnebusch BJ, Rudolph AE, Cherepanov P, et al. Role of Yersinia murin toxin in survival of Yersinia pestis in the midgut of the flea vector. Science 2002;296(5568):733-5 [Abstract]

Huang XZ, Chu MC, Engelthaler DM, et al. Genotyping of a homogeneous group of Yersinia pestis strains isolated in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40(4):1164-73 [Full text]

Kim W, Song MO, Song W, et al. Comparison of 16S rDNA analysis and rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting for molecular identification of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2003;83(2):125-33 [Abstract]

Klevytska AM, Price LB, Schupp JM, et al. Identification and characterization of variable-number tandem repeats in the Yersinia pestis genome. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39(9):3179-85 [Full text]

Lindler LE, Fan W, Jahan N. Detection of ciprofloxacin-resistant Yersinia pestis by fluorogenic PCR using the LightCycler. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39(10):3649-55 [Full text]

Loiez C, Herwegh S, Wallet F, et. al. Detection of Yersinia pestis in sputum by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Oct;41(10):4873-5 [Abstract]

McAvin JC, McConathy MA, Rohrer AJ, et al. A real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of Yersinia pestis using a field-deployable thermocycler. Mil Med 2003 Oct;168(10):852-5 [Abstract]

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). [Entrez Genomes - genomes of 800 organisms]

New Horizons Diagnostics [Home page]

Norkina OV, Kulichenko AN, Gintsburg AL, et al. Development of a diagnostic test for Yersinia pestis by the polymerase chain reaction. J Appl Bacteriol 1994 Mar;76(3):240-5

Perry RD, Fetherston JD. Yersina pestisetiologic agent of plague. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997;10(1):35-66 [Full text]

Rattan A, Kumar R. Laboratory diagnosis of plague. Indian J Pediatr 1994;61(6):625-8 [Full text]

Sewell DL. Laboratory safety practices associated with potential agents of biocrime or bioterrorism. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jul;41(7):2801-9 [Abstract]

Shivaji S, Bhanu NV, Aggarwal RK. Identification of Yersinia pestis as the causative organism of plague in India as determined by 16S rDNA sequencing and RAPD-based genomic fingerprinting. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000;189(2):247-52 [Abstract]

Smith DR, Rossi CA, Kijek TM, et al. Comparison of dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescent immunoassays to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Yersinia pestisspecific F1 antigen, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001 Nov;8(6):1070-5 [Abstract]

Smith MD, Vinh DX, Nguyen TT, et al. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of strains of Yersinia pestis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39(9):2153-4 [Full text]

Sneath PH, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, et al, eds. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol 2. Baltimore, Md: Williams& Wilkins, 1986

Splettstoesser WD, Grunow R, Rahalison L, et al. Serodiagnosis of human plague by a combination of immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometry. Cytometry 2003 Jun;53A(2):88-96 [Abstract]

Tomaso H, Reisinger EC, Al Dahouk S, et al. Rapid detection of Yersinia pestis with multiplex real-time PCR assays using fluorescent hybridisation probes. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Sep 22;38(2):117-26 [Abstract]

Pathology

Davis KH, Fritz DL, Pitt ML, et al. Pathology of experimental pneumonic plague produced by fraction-1 positive and fraction-1 negative Yersinia pestis in African Green Monkeys. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996;120:156-63 [Abstract]

Dennis D, Meier F. Plague. In: Horsburgh CR, Nelson AM, eds. Pathology of Emerging Infections. Washington, D.C: ASM Press;1997:21-47

Feingold MJ. Pathogenesis of plague. A review of plague deaths in the United States during the last decade. Am J Med 1968;45(4):549-54 [Abstract]

Titball RW, Hill H, Lawton DG, et al. Yersinia pestis and plague. Biochem Soc Trans 2003 Feb;31(Pt 1):104-7 [Abstract]


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